PREVALENCE AND ANTI MICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CLINICAL ISOLATES OF ENTEROCOCCUS SPECIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE

Background: Among enterococcus species , 80 -90% and 5-10% of human infection are caused by enterococcus faecalis and faecium respectively .The rate of isolation of Enterococcus faecium and other species is increase at recent times from various clinical samples . Enterococcus faecium showing higher degree of drug resistance. Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin thereby inappropriate treatment can be avoided. Materials and methods: The clinical samples included blood, urine and exudates (pus,tissues, sterile body fluids) were collected aseptically and processed as per standard methods for isolation and identification of organism. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 64 Enterococcus strains were isolated from clinic Result: al samples during the study period.The maximum number of Enterococcus isolates were obtained from Exudates 37(57.8%) ,urine 23(35.9%) followed by blood 4(6.2%) .Among Enterococcus species ,E.faecalis 59 (92.2%) and E.faecium 5 (7.8%) was isolated. The isolates from urine and exudates were predominantly resistance to antimicrobials like ampicillin, high level aminoglycoside, ciprofloxacin and sensitive to linezolid, vancomycin and nitrofurantoin for urine samples. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were uniformly sensitive to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Linezolid and Vancomycin. Enterococcus faecium isolates were sensitive to Linezolid and Vancomycin and resistant to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: This study illustrates the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of enterococcus species from various clinical samples . In our study Enterococci did not show resistant to vancomycin.

Efficacy of Consumer Antibacterial and Non-antibacterial Body Washes on Skin Normal Flora and Pathogen

@#Introduction: Antibacterial products contain active ingredients that are used to prevent bacterial growth and contamination. Previous studies suggest that antibacterial products are no more effective at removing s kin pathogen compared to plain soap. It is essential to collect the data regarding the effectiveness of antibacterial products with the purpose of continuous surveillance in the detection of emerging resistance pattern. Method: In vitro antimicrobial activity of six products were established on four species of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that represent the bacterial pathogen commonly found on human skin and the surrounding environment. These pathogens are also implicated as the causative organisms for skin infections. Results: Product that contains triclosan has the highest bactericidal effect as it is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria. Body washes without any antibacterial agent also exhibit bactericidal activity but at higher concentrations. Gram-positive bacteria showed more sensitivity compared to gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Antibacterial and non-antibacterial products have bactericidal effects at different concentration. Different active ingredients showed different antibacterial effects on tested bacteria. Extend usage of antibacterial products pose adverse effects on skin normal flora and can lead to antimicrobial resistance.

Corneal Ulcer Caused by Corynebacterium macginleyi

PURPOSE: To report a case of a Corynebacterium macginleyi-infected corneal ulcer of a patient who had been treated for conjunctivitis for more than 3 months. CASE SUMMARY: A 72-year-old female was transferred from a private ophthalmic clinic for evaluation of herpetic keratitis with progressive corneal edema and infiltration in the left eye. She had a history of conjunctival hyperemia and eyeball pain in her left eye 3 months prior to her visit. She was treated with levofloxacin eye drops and acyclovir ointment (Herpesid®, Samil, Co., Ltd. Seoul, Korea). On slit lamp examination, 5.4 × 4.0 mm corneal epithelial defects and stromal infiltrations were observed in the upper to central cornea, and endothelial keratic precipitates were found. Gram positive bacteria were detected on Gram staining and Corynebacterium macginleyi was identified on bacterial cultures from the conjunctiva and cornea. She was treated with topical vancomycin eye drops. After 3 months of treatment, the corneal ulcer was completely resolved, leaving mild superficial opacity on the cornea. CONCLUSIONS: While Corynebacterium macginleyi, normal flora of the conjunctiva, is considered a major causative agent for conjunctivitis and blepharitis, Corynebacterium macginleyi should also be considered a possible cause of slowly progressive keratitis in patients with chronic conjunctivitis.

Research progress in human symbiotic bacteria and their antibacterial molecules / 生物工程学报

With the emergence and globally spread of drug-resistant bacteria, the discovery and development of new antibacterial drugs is imminent. The symbiotic bacteria distributed in different parts of the body can produce a variety of antibacterial molecules to inhibit the colonization and infection of pathogenic bacteria. Human symbiotic bacteria provide a potential treasure house of resource for the research and development of new drugs with broad new molecular structures and action mechanism. With the further development of bioinformatics tools, synthetic biology and omics technology such as genomics, the mining of human symbiotic bacteria antibacterial molecules will be more in-depth and provide an effective way to solve the problem of drug resistance. Here, we review the antimicrobial molecules produced by human symbiotic bacteria and introduce several methods to explore the resources of natural antibacterial drugs. With the development of modern biotechnology, the antimicrobial molecules of human symbiotic bacteria will be more comprehensively and systematically explored and applied.

Application of Human Gut Microecology in the Basic and Clinical Research / 沈阳医学院学报

There are a large of flora in human intestine,which are beneficial for human in balance. These are the basis of research and application of microecology. In this paper,we summarize the basic and clinical progress of human intestinal normal flora in effecting biological membrane barrier,and nutrition metabolism,medicine metabolism,and infection and immunology for human.

Caracterización de especies de Malassezia en piel sana de estudiantes de secundaria / Characterization of Malassezia Species on the Healthy Skin of High School Students

El género Malassezia comprende un grupo de levaduras lipofílicas que forman parte de la microbiota de la piel del hombre y otros vertebrados. Sin embargo se han relacionado con varias entidades dermatológicas. En esta investigación se planteó como objetivo caracterizar las especies de Malassezia aisladas en piel sana de estudiantes del Liceo Baralt de la Ciudad de Maracaibo- Edo. Zulia. Las muestras fueron tomadas, mediante el método de la impronta con cinta adhesiva transparente, de cuero cabelludo, pabellón auricular, pecho y espalda e inoculadas en el medio Dixon Agar modificado e incubadas a 32°C por 14 días. La identificación de las especies se realizó siguiendo las claves descritas por Gueho y Cols. y el test de difusión en tween propuesto por Guillot y Cols, la prueba de la catalasa y la utilización de triptófano como única fuente de carbono. De un total de 100 estudiantes evaluados 81(81%) fueron positivos a Malassezia, se obtuvo 184 aislamientos, 100 (54,30%) para el sexo masculino y 84 (45,6%) para el femenino. Los resultados muestran una alta prevalencia de Malassezia furfur (54,3%) seguida de Malassezia sympodialis (45,1%) y Malassezia globosa (0,50%). Las localizaciones anatómicas con mayor número de aislamientos fueron espalda (33%) y pecho (30,2%).

The genus Malassezia includes a group of lipophilic yeasts that form part of the microbiota of the skin of humans and other vertebrates. Nevertheless, they have been related to several dermatological entities. This research proposed to characterize the morfo-physiological Malassezia species isolated on the healthy skin of students at the Baralt High School in the city of Maracaibo, State of Zulia. Samples were taken using the imprint method with adhesive transparent tape on the scalp, pinna, chest and back, inoculated into a modified Dixon Agar medium and incubated at 32°C for 14 days. Identification of the species was carried out following the keys described by Gueho and Cols, the diffusion in tween test proposed by Guillot and collaborators, the catalase test and the utilization of triptophan as the only source of carbon. Out of a total of 100 evaluated students, 81 (81%) were positive for Malassezia and 184 isolations were obtained; 100 (54.30%) were of the masculine sex and 81 (45.6%) were females. The results show a high prevalence of Malassezia furfur (54.3%) followed by Malassezia sympodialis (45.1%) and finally, Malassezia globosa (0.50%). Anatomical locations with the greatest number of isolations were the back (33%) and chest (30.2%).

Flora bacteriana en agujas de inyección de Ranibizumab en la Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional / Bacterial flora in Ranibizumab injection needles at Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional

Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de contaminación bacteriana de agujas utilizadas en inyecciones intravítreas en pacientes tratados con Ranibizumab, analizar la flora normal conjuntival, identificar el germen más común en cultivos de agujas utilizadas y establecer la eficacia de profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria en la reducción de la flora normal conjuntival presente en el procedimiento. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo tipo serie de casos. Se incluyen pacientes de la Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional sometidos a inyección intravítrea de Ranibizumab desde Abril 6 a Septiembre 28 del 2010. Edades entre 44 - 91 años. Se tomó frotis conjuntival del fondo de saco inferior para cultivo de flora normal al momento de la inyección y de la aguja utilizada y no utilizada. Se siembran muestran en tres medios de cultivo a 37ºC/ 5 días. Resultados: se realizaron 150 cultivos, 50 ojos de 50 pacientes. 44 pacientes (88%) fueron consistentes y se incluyeron en el análisis. 6 (12%) fueron no consistentes. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Difteroides y Staphylococcus haemolyticus. El Staphylococcus aureus fue la bacteria causal más frecuente contaminante de la aguja utilizada (10%), Difteroides (4%) y Bacillus subtilis (4%). Difteroides, Bacillus subtilis y Staphylococcus aureus fueron los contaminantes de las agujas no utilizadas. El Staphylococcus haemolyticus, aureus, epidermidis y Difteroides fueron cultivados en la flora normal conjuntival de pacientes con cultivo de aguja negativo. El 61.4% de los cultivos no presentaron crecimiento bacteriano. Conclusión: el Staphylococcus aureus fue la bacteria causal más frecuente de contaminación de las agujas utilizadas siendo el Bacillus subtilis el principal contaminante de agujas no utilizadas. El uso de profilaxis antibiótica previa al procedimiento reduce significativamente el inóculo bacteriano. Se requieren futuros estudios con ampliación de la muestra para controlar posibles fallas técnicas.

Purpose: to evaluate the prevalence of bacterial contamination in needles used for intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab, analyze conjunctival flora, identify the most common microorganism present in used needles and evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing conjunctival flora at the time of the procedure. Methods: a case series study. Patients of the Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional, who underwent intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab between April 6 and September 28, 2010. Ages 44 to 91 years. The used needle, an unused control needle and a conjunctival scraping from the inferior fornix were inoculated in tryptone soy broth at 37°C for 5 days. Results: 150 cultures were obtained from 50 patients.44 patients had consistent results (negative control needle) and were included in the analysis. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Difteroides, y Staphylococcus haemolyticus were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent contaminant of the used needles (10%), followed by Difteroides (4%) and Bacillus subtilis (4%). Difteroides, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were found in unused needles. Staphylococcus haemolyticus, aureus, epidermidis and Difteroides were found in the conjunctival samples. 61.4% had negative cultures. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent contaminant of used needles and Bacillus subtilis of control needles. The use of antibiotic profilaxis previous to the procedure, significantly reduces the bacterial inoculums. Futures studies are required to increase sample size and control technical errors.

El ataque de las bacterias: cómo prevenirlo sin morir en el intento / The bacteria attack: how to prevent it and not die trying

La diversidad de poblaciones microbianas que colonizan de forma permanente o transitoria la piel, depende de la topografía y fisiología de cada zona del cuerpo y cada área provee las condiciones necesarias para el desarrollo de microorganismos simbióticos, inofensivos e incluso beneficiosos, al mismo tiempo que regula las condiciones necesarias para evitar la colonización de agentes perjudiciales o patógenos. Alteraciones en este equilibrio dinámico, pueden causar infecciones locales o generalizadas por la diseminación de la flora normal de un sitio a otro. El proceso evolutivo de la resistencia bacteriana ha sido corto y variable, condicionado en parte, por la presión selectiva ejercida frente a la terapia antimicrobiana. En respuesta, los microorganismos se han adaptado a las condiciones adversas mediante mecanismos de persistencia y resistencia que generan problemáticas a nivel epidemiológico, terapéutico y en la salud pública. El fenómeno de la multiresistencia causa un impacto directo en la morbimortalidad e incrementa los costos en la atención en salud, por lo cual, además del correcto, apropiado y racional uso de los antimicrobianos, se requiere la prevención de las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud mediante el control de la contaminación ambiental y el lavado de manos. Finalmente, de las bacterias aprendemos que su interacción y organización comunitaria se constituyen en su "verdadera inteligencia" y podríamos morir en el intento de contener su ataque, si seguimos fortaleciendo las armas del "enemigo".

The enormous diversity of microbial populations that colonize the human skin in permanent or temporar way depends on the topography and physiology of each area of the body. Each area of which are harmless and even beneficial. At the same time that regulate the basic conditions to prevent pathogenic bacteria colonization. Alterations in this dynamic equilibrium could spread the normal flora to a different place generating local or systemic infections. After the penicillin discovery for the treatment of infectious disease caused by bacteria, the microorganisms have developed strategies to survive through different mechanisms resulting in potentially ineffective antibiotics. Parallel to bacteria resistance has been the creation hundreds of antibiotics for clinical use. The multi-drug resistance phenomenon has direct impact on morbidity, mortality rates and in the health care, increased cost, thus it is essential to have a correct, appropriate and a rational use of antimicrobials. One key tools to prevent infection, is the environmental pollution control and hand washing, not less important a new approach to the understanding of the pathophysiology, the prevention of spreading using natural products and the creation of innovative molecules such as antimicrobial peptides.

Effect of bacteriophage lysin on lysogens

Objective: To study the effect of phage lysin on the growth of lysogens. Methods: Sputum specimens processed by modified Petroff's method were respectively treated with phagebiotics in combination with lysin and lysin alone. The specimens were incubated at 37℃ for 4 days. At the end of day 1, 2, 3 and day 4, the specimens were streaked on blood agar plates and incubated at 37℃ for 18-24 hours. The growth of normal flora observed after day 1 was considered as lysogens.Results:When specimens treated with lysin alone, lysogen formation was avoided and normal flora was controlled. Conclusions: Lysin may have no effect on the growth of lysogens. Sputum specimens treated with phagebiotics-lysin showed the growth of lysogens.

Effect of bacteriophage lysin on lysogens

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of phage lysin on the growth of lysogens.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sputum specimens processed by modified Petroff's method were respectively treated with phagebiotics in combination with lysin and lysin alone. The specimens were incubated at 37 °C for 4 days. At the end of day 1, 2, 3 and day 4, the specimens were streaked on blood agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 18-24 hours. The growth of normal flora observed after day 1 was considered as lysogens.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sputum specimens treated with phagebiotics-lysin showed the growth of lysogens. When specimens treated with lysin alone, lysogen formation was avoided and normal flora was controlled.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Lysin may have no effect on the growth of lysogens.</p>

Relationship between normal flora of conjunctiva and ocular bacterial infection / 中国感染与化疗杂志

Objective To study normal flora components of conjunctiva, explore the relationship between normal flora and ocu- lar bacterial infections.Methods The data of 1 198 bacterial cultures of conjunctiva in non-infectious cataract patients were re- viewed and compared with the results of 985 specimens of conjunctivitis, keratitis and endophthalmitis from January 2000 to December 2004.Results Positive culture of conjunctiva in non-infectious cataract patients was 628 in 1 198 specimens (52.4%).These bacteria including gram-positive cocci and gram-neganve bacilli constituted the normal flora of conjunctiva. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant bacteria (51.1%, 341/667) and its prevalence increased during this 5-year period.S.epidermidis and S.aureus were also the most frequently isolated pathogens in specimens of conjunctivitis, keratitis and endophthalmitis.The correlation was statistically significant between the positive rate in normal eye and conjunctivitis or keratitis in terms of these two species, but not statistically significant between normal eye and endophthalmitis.The resistance rate of normal flora of conjunctiva to ampicillin, amikacin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin increased year by year. The resistance rate to gentamicin and the combination of two drugs decreased.The changing resistant pattern was similar in pa- tients with eye infection.Conclusions There is a close relationship between the normal flora S.aureus and S.epidermidis of conjunctiva and the bacterial infection of ocular surface, but no significant correlation between normal flora and the pathogen of endophthalmitis.

The Changes of Intestinal Normal Flora in Neonates for Seven Days Postnatally / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Microbial colonization of the intestine begins just after birth and development of the normal flora is a gradual process. The first bacteria colonizing the intestine in newborns are Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus. For several days after birth, the number of Bifidobacterium spp. increase. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of microflora for seven days postnatally in neonatal stool. METHODS: Fifteen neonates (breast : formula : mixed feeding 1 : 8 : 6, vaginal delivery : cesarean section 3 : 12) who were born at the Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University were enrolled. First meconium and stools of postnatal 1-, 3-, and 7-day were innoculated. Blood agar plates for total aerobes, trypton bile X-glucuronide agar for E. coli, phenylethyl alcohol agar for gram positive anaerobes, MRS agar for Lactobacillus spp., bifidobacterium selective agar for Bifidobacterium spp. and cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar for Clostridium difficile were used in the general incubator (CO2 free incubator), CO2 incubator or the anaerobic chamber for 48 or 72 hours at 37oC and then colony forming units were counted. RESULTS: No microflora was identified in the first meconium. Total aerobes, E. coli, and gram positive anaerobes were significantly increased with advancing postnatal days. In only one baby, Lactobacillus acidophilus was detected 2x105 CFU/g in the seven-day stool. Bifidobacterium spp. was detected in two babies. Clostridium difficile was not detected during the seven days. There were no significant differences in the bowel flora depending on the delivery pattern and feeding method. CONCLUSION: This study shows many changes in the intestinal normal flora in neonatal stool during seven days postnatally. If these findings are confirmed with larger studies, the data may be preliminary findings to support use of probiotics in neonates.

STUDIES ON ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTION OF HUMAN SKIN NORMAL FLORA AND COMMON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA / 微生物学通报

Biological antagonism was found to be only one aspeet When we Study the interactions among the microbial populations in and on the human beings. We examined the following strains of the resident flora isolated from the human healthy skin, including propionibacterium acnes (A14-1), Staphylococcus epidermidis (F65), and a number of the common dermal pathogenic micro-organisms such as staphylococcus aurcns. Ps. acruginosa snd E. coli, for their antagonistic interactions in vitro. The following results were obtained, they revealed obvious antagonism After 48h of contact in vitro antagonistic interaction to appear, and after 72h antagonism displayed obviously. On the other hand, P. acnes (A14-1) and S. epidermidis (F65) showed no antagonisim, they behaved commesaly, such commensality seemed to be important for the autoperification of the human normal skin surfaces resulting in dermal microeubiosis of the human beings.We examined the members of the transient microbial flora of the healthy human skin Lactobacterium (ad3), Bifidobacterium (Bf1) and some common pathogenic bacteria in antagonistic experiments in vitro, and discovered that they showed micropopulations appeared to be of great value to the maintenance of good health to their host.

Normal Flora of the Skin in Korean Peoples / 대한피부과학회지

Skin floras were taken from forehead, sternal area, lower margin of axillae, and interscapular space of 50 healthy Koreans(M 30, F 20) between 18 year and 40 years old using Williamson and Kligman's method and modified Pilsburg and .Nichols method. After incubating these floras for 3-5 days aerobically and anaerobically, we identified them using various stains and biochemical tests. The most common flora was Corynebucterium acne(84%), followed by aerobic diphtheroids(14%), coagulase negative staphylococcus, Micrococcus in orders. Although transient floras including Staphylococcus aareas, Pseudomonas, Listeria monocytogenes, and other Gram negative bacilli were isolated, they were rare and did mainly from axilla. The most common resident site of Corynebacteirium acne was forehead (l. 67 x 10/cm), but in aerobic diphtheroids and Micrococcaceae was the lower margin of axilla(2.70x16/cm, 2.34x10/cm), in which aerobic floras were more than anaerobics. The incidence rate of lipophilic diphtheroid was 27%, however it was 35% in axilla. The aerobic diphtheroid capable of nitrate reduction was 26%, which was very common in forehead. Among Propionibacterium species, Propionibacterim(P) acne was isolated 100% from all sites, but P. grandulosum was only in 2-7% and P. avidum was not.

A Mycological Study on the Distribution of Candida Species in Normal Human Skin / 대한피부과학회지

This study was done on 171 volunteers in order to investigate the present status of cutaneous normal flora of Candida species and the distribution of Candida species on the normal human skin in dermatologic clinic of Korea University Hospital from January, ]984 to December, 1984. Among the 171 volunteers, 115 strains of Candida species were identified by culture on the Sabouraud's dextrose agar media, germ tube test, sugar assimilation test, sugar fermentaion test and culture on corn meal with Tween 80 media, The results were summarized as follows: 1. The incidence of cutaneous normal flora of Candida species was 13, 5,5 (115 species among 855 sites) 2. Candida species were distributed in oral cavity(45 species), 4th interdigital toe web(39 species), groin(12 species), axilla(11 species) and 4th interdigital finger web(8 species) in order of frequency. 3, Of ll5 species, 45 species were cultured in summer, 27 species in autumn, 18 species in winter and 14 species in spring. 4 Of 115 Candida species, C. albicans(88 species), C. parapsilosis(12 species), C, tropicalis(8 species), C. guilliermondii(3 species) and C. stellatoidea(2 species) were identified. Two species could not be identified.